ELECTRIC POWER DISTRIBUTION, UTILIZATION AND SMART GRIDS

Learning Objectives

• ELECTRIC POWER DISTRIBUTION AND UTILIZATION

  The first module of the Course aims at providing knowledge on structures, components, functions, analysis and design methods with specific reference to First Category Systems (Low Voltage distribution networks), classified according to CEI Standards.

• SMART GRIDS

  The second module of the Course aims at providing knowledge on structures, functions, analysis, operation and protection methods for electrical distribution networks with electrical distributed generation and storage systems according to the innovative paradigm of Smart Grids.

Course Structure

• ELECTRIC POWER DISTRIBUTION AND UTILIZATION

  The Course is structured through classroom-taught lessons on the theoretical aspects of the various topics, supported by numerical exercises by using specific software tools.

• SMART GRIDS

  The Course is structured through classroom-taught lessons on the theoretical aspects of the various topics, supported by numerical exercises by using specific software tools.

Detailed Course Content

• ELECTRIC POWER DISTRIBUTION AND UTILIZATION

  0. The main functions of the Electric Power Systems (Generation, Transmission, Distribution and Utilization) and the related network structures. Presentation of the Course and the specific areas of interest.

  1. Definitions and main classifications relating to electrical installations; review of fundamental technical choices; neutral grounding in three-phase systems; phase-to-ground nominal voltages; classifications of LV distribution systems.

  2. Overview on Standards and Laws for electrical power systems.

  3. Assessment of the conventional load of electrical single lines and installations.

  4. Review of Parameters and Models of Electric Lines (electrically long and short lines).

  5. Structure of overhead lines and bare wires.

  6. Structure of cable lines.

  7. Electrical sizing criteria for short lines (R-L model).

  8. Overcurrents (Overload and Short-Circuit). Short-circuit current calculation in radial distribution networks.

  9. Switching devices classification and phenomenology of the electric arc.

  10. Protections against overcurrents (classification of different types of protection relays and fuses). Automatic circuit-breakers for LV applications.

  11. Choice of protection devices against overcurrents according to CEI Standards.

  12. Selectivity criteria in protection schemes.

  13. Design and protection criteria according to the Italian standardised and approved safety technical rules (CEI Standards). Electric shock. Earthing systems and schemes. Characteristics of TT, TN and IT distribution systems.

  14. Electric model of the human body. Earthing-Resistance and Earthing-Voltage Drops. Total Earth Voltage, Touch Voltages. Indirect Contact with and without equipment earthing. Voltage-Time safety curve.

  15. Protection against Indirect Contact in TT Systems. The RCD. The selectivity between RCDs.

  16. The Earthing System. Equipotential networks and spaces in TT Systems.

  17. Protection against Indirect Contacts in TT and TN Systems.

  18. Protection against Indirect Contacts in IT Systems.

  19. Protection against Direct Contacts.

  20. Standard technical rules for electrical installations in “particular environmental conditions".

  21. Installation of protections and circuit-breakers on phase and neutral conductors in TT, TN and IT Systems.

• SMART GRIDS

  0. Introduction to the contents of the Second Module. The concept of "smart" or "intelligent" electricity distribution networks (Smart Grids) and related topics.

  1. Power factor correction of electrical installations.

  2. Overvoltages in electrical power networks and related protection systems.

  3. General method for fault analysis (single-phase, two-phase, three-phase faults, with and without earth connection) in meshed power grids.

  4. HV/MV Primary Substations (PS). Distribution network structures for MV and LV public systems.

  5. Neutral grounding in three-phase networks and protections against single-phase earth faults.

  6. MV/LV Secondary Substations (SS) and sizing criteria.

  7. SS connection rules to the MV distribution network – Passive and active Users (CEI Guide 99-4 and CEI Norm 0-16).

  8. Connection criteria for LV users to the distribution network (CEI 0-12 Standard, alignment with CEI EN 50438 on generators up to 16 A).

  9. "Traditional" MV and LV Protections for passive and radial Distribution Network: Protection against overload and short-circuit between phases; Protections against the single phase-to-ground fault. Principles of automation in MT networks and their evolution.

  10. Voltage regulation in passive distribution networks according to the unified criteria of Enel Distribuzione (DK 4455, 1993). Examples of inapplicability of DK 4455 in "active" distribution networks.

  11. Distributed Generation (DG) and its impact on distribution and transmission networks.

  12. Advanced Schemes of Protection-Automation and Voltage Regulation in presence of DG in distribution networks. "Smart" Secondary Substations.

  13. The Smart Grid and its innovative paradigms: The different components and features of a Smart Grid.

  14. Integration of distributed renewable energy sources.

  15. Distribution Automation.

  16. Advanced metering infrastructure.

  17. Energy Storage and applications.

  18. Microgrids.

  19. Decentralized energy management system and Virtual Power Plants.

  20. Demand Response and Generation management.

  21. E-Mobility.

Textbook Information

• ELECTRIC POWER DISTRIBUTION AND UTILIZATION

  - Detailed technical reports in English edited by Professionals and International Companies operating in the electrical industry sector.

  - CEI (in Italian and English), CENELEC and IEC (in English) Standards and Norms.

  - G. Conte, "Manuale di Impianti Elettrici", Ed. HOEPLI (in Italian).

  - V. Carrescia, "Fondamenti di Sicurezza Elettrica", Ed. TNE (in Italian).

  Additional teaching material, such as technical reports or Microsoft PowerPoint presentations, prepared by the teacher, are provided during the lessons.

• SMART GRIDS

  - Detailed technical reports in English edited by Professionals and International Companies operating in the electrical industry sector.

  - Roberto Marconato, "Electric Power Systems, Vol. I, II", Ed. CEI (in English).

  - James J. Burke, "Power Distribution Engineering _ Fundamentals and applications", Ed. Dekker Inc. (in English).

  - Gilbert M. Masters, “Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems”, A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUB. (in English).

  - Fabio Massimo Gatta, “Impianti Elettrici”, Ed. Esculapio (in Italian).

  Additional teaching material, such as technical reports or Microsoft PowerPoint presentations, prepared by the teacher, are provided during the lessons.